Which of the following best describes bipolar disorder?

Bipolar disorder is characterized by significant shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to perform daily tasks. Specifically, it involves episodes of both mania and depression. During manic phases, individuals may experience heightened energy, extreme optimism, and impulsive behaviors, while depressive phases can lead to feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities. This cycling between moods is a hallmark of the disorder, setting it apart from other mental health conditions.

In contrast, low energy levels alone do not encompass the full scope of bipolar disorder, nor do the symptoms align with seasonal affective disorder or a personality disorder. Seasonal affective disorder typically occurs at specific times of the year, while personality disorders involve enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience differing from cultural expectations.